We do not have anything like a thermometer or an inch scale or weight box. The experimenter may be interested in knowing the effect of manipulating aspect of the task itself. The results of introspection are only subjective. The experimental method can be repeated without any difficulty. (i) Habit strength, the strength of association between a certain S and certain R, based on previous learning. Both these groups will be then given the task of memorising a prose passage. For example, one learns that if ... A number of learning methods that account for simple to complex types of learning are described. This method has universal application. TYPES OF LEARNING • Non-associative Learning – is learning that does not require linking or associating stimuli together. Child development centers and child guidance clinics are generally fitted with one-way glass screens or observations booths. “The essence of an experiment consists in controlling the conditions under which a phenomenon occurs, then varying those conditions systematically and noting the results. The methods are: 1. The method has many advantages. There are mainly three types of variables: (a) Stimulus Variables (Independent variables): Independent variable is one which is systematically and independently varied or manipulated by the experimenter. Experimental method is most reliable, most valid, most systematic, most precise and most objective method of psychology. It consists of the recording of personal impressions about some aspect of pupil behaviour which seems significant to the observer. At the end of the interval, the two groups will be compared in regard to the amount of material they can remember from the passage originally learned. The Experimental Method 4. Privacy Policy3. An experiment cannot be conducted at all times and all places. (Habituation, Sensitization) • Associative Learning – is the process by which an association between two stimuli or a behavior and a stimulus is learned. Difficulties: Classical Conditioning: In case of Classical Conditioning, the process of learning is described as a Stimulus-Response connection or association. The first variable (stimulus variable) can be changed by the experimenter at will and is deliberately and systematically varied to find out how this is accompanied by changes in the second set of variables (response variables). Observational Learning: The Observational Learning process was propounded by Albert Bandura in his Social Learning Theory, which focused on learning by imitation or observing people’s behaviour. One of the forms of introspection that is used in educational psychology is the anecdotal method. Verbal Learning: It is related with the language which we use to communicate and various other forms of verbal communication such as symbols, words, languages, sounds, figures and signs. The Observational Method 3. Some scales have three or seven degrees. Suggestions … As the scope of educational psychology is centred around the teaching learning process, several methods, which are already mentioned, are used. When described in the simplest possible manner, learning is described as an experience acquisition process. Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of associative learning, in which associations are made between events that occur together. There is no need for any laboratory or apparatus. It must be noted that in experiment, we hold all stimulus variables of influence constant except one and this one we can change and vary. This introduced the use of one-way screens and the system of observation-booths. This kind of self-observation, therefore, is not a vague, unsystematic or haphazard observation. In order words, it is a method of “self-observation “— observation by an individual of his own mental states directly by directing attention towards a particular experience with a particular purpose. Here ‘punishment’ is stimulus variable and ‘slow or quick speed of learning’ is known as response variable. The same can be said about the development of imagination, thinking and reasoning. In rating scales we rate or judge an individual on the possession or absence of certain traits. The key characteristics of the learning process are: Motor Learning: Our day to day activities like walking, running, driving, etc, must be learnt for ensuring a good life. He has to recall certain facts learned by him to organise them in a particular manner and then to report what way he tried to recall, what he thought and felt when trying to recall. 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