After the water reaches the field ready to be irrigated, it is distributed onto the field by a variety of means, both simple and elaborately constructed. Water is applied to individual borders from small hand-dug checks from the field head ditch. Here, we will not detail out sub surface irrigation methods. As the inf… Conveying water to the field requires similar structures to those found in major canal networks. Discussion 1 DISCUSSION OF SURFACE IRRIGATION IN IRAQ 1. Elevated concrete channel in Iran, Figure 9. The Equations describing the hydraulics of surface irrigation are the continuity and momentum equation.These equations are known as the St.Venantequation.In general, the continuity equation expressing the conservation of mass, can be written as: (31.1) The momentum equation expressing the dynamic equilibrium of the flow process is: (31.2) Where, y - Depth of flow (m) t -Time from beginning … The higher inflow reaches the end of the field sooner but it increases both the duration and the magnitude of the runoff. Before selecting surface irrigation over other types of irrigations, one must investigate the advantages and disadvantages of surface irrigation. This results in poor uniformity with high application at the top end with lower application at the bottom end. Some of the more common flow control structures for open channels are shown in Figure 10. How much groundwater pumping is used? Surface Irrigation is an unchanged process and it is older than its recognition. The aim of modern surface irrigation management is to minimize the risk of these potential adverse impacts. If there is long duration between two rotations, there is likelihood of water stress resulting in wilting point during the recession stage. Basin irrigation has a number of limitations, two of which, already mentioned, are associated with soil crusting and crops that cannot accommodate inundation. The speed of water movement is determined by many factors such as slope, surface roughness and furrow shape but most importantly by the inflow rate and soil infiltration rate. You can also control how much water you add at a time and only give specific amounts of water to certain crops in your garden at a time. The wetting and drying cycles reduce infiltration rates resulting in faster advance rates and higher uniformity[3] than continuous flow. For example, a basin or border system may be furrowed. The advance phase refers to that length of time as water is applied to the top end of the field and flows or advances over the field length. The soil acts as the growing medium in which water is stored and the conveyance medium over which water flows as it spreads and infiltrates. Figure 1. Throughout the world, this is the most commonly used type of irrigation process. 3. The infiltration rates are an unknown variable in irrigation practice. In most cases the performance of furrow irrigation can be improved through increasing the speed at which water moves along the field (the advance rate). It either drains from the surface (runoff) or infiltrates into the soil. 2.1.1 Definition. 2.4.1 Diversion structures There are few crops and soils not amenable to basin irrigation, but it is generally favoured by moderate to slow intake soils, deep-rooted and closely spaced crops. Sloping borders are suitable for nearly any crop except those that require prolonged ponding. In furrow systems, the volume of water in the furrow is very often a small part of the total supply for the field and it drains rapidly. A smaller wetted area reduces evaporation losses. The tailwater deep percolation trade-off can also be solved by collecting and recycling the runoff to improve surface irrigation performance. Surface Irrigation Methods • Flooding • Borders • Basins • Furrows. Implying that the water distribution is Uncontrolled and therefore a well-known system which! Not always observe a ponding, depletion or recession phase describes the time period while the will. In this configuration, the water is applied rapidly to the array of surface irrigation can directed! Typically longer and narrower compared to basin irrigation 2.2.2 border irrigation is divided into a of. Most common piped method of surface irrigation systems have two principal sources of inefficiency, deep percolation and runoff. 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