Both handheld and measured dose inhalers are standard medical technology that both staff and in-home patients are already familiar with, making it a low-barrier and low-cost impact on the healthcare system. This method is needleless and is subcutaneous done by applying pressure over the skin. Medical Conversions - How many ml in a teaspoon? Accessed July 17, 2019 at, The Joint Commission. Timed-release technology allows drugs to be dissolved over time, allows more steady blood concentrations of drugs, and can lower the number of times a drug must be taken per day compared to immediate-release (IR) formulations. You will get here Advantages and disadvantages of routes of drug administration. However, internal enforcement and consistency are always the key. Some drugs may be administered vaginally to women as a solution, tablet, cream, gel, suppository, or ring. Drug Topics. Click here to access the table below. Learn more. Administration of medicines via an enteral feeding tube The type of tube and the abbreviation used should be standardised for the hospital or unit, for example ‘nasogastric tube’ (NG). It may not be used in medication orders or other medication-related documentation. Facts About the Official “Do Not Use” List of Abbreviations. Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances. It is important to know where the tip of the enteral feeding tube lies and therefore the site for drug administration. Route of Administration shall consist of an alphabetic term which has a maximum length shall be restricted to 60 characters, with the hyphen and … Accessed July 17, 2019 at. Enteric-coated formulations, such as enteric-coated aspirin, help to protect the stomach by allowing the active ingredient to bypass dissolution in the stomach and instead dissolve in the intestinal tract. Pharmacists should be included in teams that develop or evaluate EMRs and e-prescribing tools. drug administration: The giving of a therapeutic agent to a patient, e.g. For all species, many different routes are available for administration of substances. https://www.tabers.com/tabersonline/view/Tabers-Dictionary/767492/all/Medical_Abbreviations, https://www.jointcommission.org/resources/news-and-multimedia/fact-sheets/, https://www.fda.gov/safety/medwatch-fda-safety-information-and-adverse-event-reporting-program, https://www.drugs.com/fda-consumer/fda-and-ismp-work-to-prevent-medication-errors-213.html, https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/resources-you/microgram-prevention-worth-milligram-cure-preventing-medication-errors-animals, https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/tjc/documents/resources/patient-safety-topics/do_not_use_list_6_28_19.pdf, Better to spell out drug name; can be misinterpreted as five tablets of aspirin per FDA, abdominal aortic aneurysm (called a "triple-A"), Can be misinterpreted as 'apply to affected area', Can be misinterpreted as 'abdominal aortic aneurysm', Caution not to confuse with AD (meaning right ear), Better to spell out drug name "acetaminophen", Better to spell drug name out; can be misinterpreted as azathioprine per FDA, In U.S., 'hs' or 'HS' is more commonly used for bedtime, Do not confuse with "cancer of the prostate", Better to spell drug name out; can be misinterpreted as chlorpromazine per FDA, Multiple possible meanings; spell out instead of using "D/C", 5% dextrose and normal saline solution (0.9% NaCl), 5% dextrose and half normal saline solution (0.45% NaCl), Better to spell out vaccine name; can be misinterpreted as Demerol-Phenergan-Thorazine per FDA, dextrose in water, diabetes mellitus or distilled water, Multiple possible meanings; spell out instead of using "DW", Apothecary measurement (obsolete and may be misinterpreted as gram; do not use), Can be confused with GTT for glucose tolerance test, Better to spell out drug name; can be misinterpreted as hydrochlorothiazide per FDA, Better to spell out drug name; can be misinterpreted as hydrocortisone per FDA, better to spell out; do not mistake for "bedtime", Multiple possible meanings; spell out word instead of using "ID", Mistaken as IV (intravenous) or 10 (ten); Instead spell out "units" per Joint Commission's "Do Not Use" List of Abbreviations, Could be confused with 'intravenous pyelogram', Can be misinterpreted to mean "mg" or milligram, better to spell out 'microgram', May be confused with "MSO4" (morphine sulfate), spell out "magnesium sulfate" - Joint Commission's "Do Not Use" List of Abbreviations, Can mean either morphine sulfate or magnesium sulfate, spell out drug name - Joint Commission's "Do Not Use" List of Abbreviations, May be confused with "MgSO4"; instead spell out "morphine sulfate" - Joint Commission's "Do Not Use" List of Abbreviations, Preferred by AMA to spell out "nothing by mouth", Can also mean "overdose" or "once daily"; better to spell out, route of administration, ophthalmic abbreviations, Preferred in the UK; Can also mean "overdose" or "right eye"; better to spell out, AMA prefers to spell out "by mouth" or "orally"; can be mistaken as "os" meaning left eye per FDA, AMA prefers to spell out "by mouth" or "orally", Mistaken as q.i.d; Instead write "daily" or "every day" per Joint Commission's "Do Not Use" List of Abbreviations, Can be confused with "qh" meaning every hour; better to spell out, Not commonly used in U.S.; 'hs' more common for bedtime, Can be mistaken as qd (daily) or qid (four times daily); Instead spell out "every other day" per Joint Commission's "Do Not Use" List of Abbreviations, Used ONLY in Veterinary medicine to mean "once daily". Disadvantages Oral route has a slow onset of action, hence not used in emergency. Medication Handling in NSW Public Health Facilities Summary Consolidates best practice principles on medication procurement, storage, prescribing, supplying, dispensing and administration at NSW public health facilities with the Ask your doctor how you are supposed to take your medication before you leave the office, and write it down for future reference. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2013 Mar. BID, PO, XL, APAP, QHS, or PRN: Have you ever wondered what these odd, encrypted medical abbreviations mean on your prescription? Taber’s Medical Abbreviations. For example, complicated treatment regimens, like cancer treatment protocols or combination HIV regimens, may be written with drug name abbreviations. Sub-lingual route. Limited data have been published on the pharmacokinetics of salmeterol. Consider taking a trusted family member or friend to your medical appointments to help you to record important instructions. Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. Pill Splitting - A Safe Way to Save Healthcare Dollars? You might have mostly got tablets to consume, but at times, even syrups, ointments, and even injections are given. Salmeterol is an inhaled long-acting selective β2-adrenoceptor agonist that is commercially available as the xinafoate (1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid) salt of the racemic mixture of the two optical isomers, (R)- and (S)-, of salmeterol. PV of patients treated with new drugs and new regimens for MDR-TB; 2) discussion held between stakeholders on the different methods required for the collection of CEM data during the treatment of MDR-TB patients (organization, criteria, data variables and Another example has to do with drug dosage units: doses in micrograms should always have the unit spelled out, because the abbreviation “µg” (micrograms) can easily be misread as “mg” (milligrams), creating a 1000-fold overdose. FDA encourages all healthcare providers, patients and consumers to report medication errors to the FDA Medwatch Program so that the FDA can be made aware of potential problems and provide effective interventions that will minimize further errors. ORAL Disadvantages cont. Glassman P. The Joint Commission's “Do Not Use” List: Brief Review (NEW) In: Making Health Care Safer II: An Updated Critical Analysis of the Evidence for Patient Safety Practices. They state that a “trailing zero” may be used only where needed to demonstrate the level of precision of the value being reported, such as for laboratory results, imaging studies that report size of lesions, or catheter or tube sizes. epidural (synonym: peridural) (injection or infusion into the epidural space ), e.g. Numbers can also be misinterpreted with regards to decimal points. Patient Safety and Performance Measurement Fact Sheets. that can be modulated by other drugs during co-administration and whether the new drug is likely to affect the metabolism of other drugs already in use. Select one or more newsletters to continue. What do these medical abbreviations mean on my prescription? of new drugs and the continued use of approved medications. How to Safely Dispose of Your Old Medications. When writing out a dose, do not use a trailing zero and do use a leading zero. 1 Medication Errors – a challenge of pharmacovigilance – BfArM experience Dr.Claudia Kayser Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices Medication safety / Pharmacovigilance X I have no real or apparent relevant financial The new DAL also r… All drug names, dosage units, and directions for use should be written clearly to avoid misinterpretation. Some of the typed or computer-generated abbreviations, prescription symbols, and dose designations can still be confusing and lead to mistakes in drug dosing or timing. Can grapefruit juice interact with my medications? Pressure on the nozzle allows a fine jet of solution to emerge with great force. Updated June 2019. 2. intracerebral (into the cerebrum) administration by direct injection into the brain. Also, the lack of a leading zero, (for example, .9 mg) can be misread as “9” mg; instead the prescriber should write out “0.9 mg” to clarify the strength. It is held with nozzle against the skin. — Written by Christine Case-Lo — Updated on March 28, 2019 Routes Anagrelide capsules are indicated for the treatment of patients with thrombocythemia, secondary to myeloproliferative neoplasms, to reduce the elevated platelet count and the risk of thrombosis and to ameliorate associated symptoms including thrombo-hemorrhagic events [see Clinical Studies (14), Dosage and Administration (2)]. You … Instead the prescriber should write “5 mg” with no trailing zero or decimal point after the number. The rectum is relatively underused in some societies as a route for safe administration of medicines, arguably due to the intimacy of the site compared with more socially accepted and visible routes, such as oral or topical administration, or injection. This route is often used to give estrogen to women during menopause to relieve vaginal symptoms such as … [4], "6.4 Administering Medications Rectally and Vaginally | Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care", "U.S. FDA Approves Evofem Biosciences' Phexxi (lactic acid, citric acid and potassium bitartrate), the First and Only Non-Hormonal Prescription Gel for the Prevention of Pregnancy", 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v17.i5.30, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Intravaginal_administration&oldid=970717602, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 2 August 2020, at 00:04. [6], It is used as a method of on-demand contraception. A Microgram of Prevention is Worth a Milligram of Cure: Preventing Medication Errors in Animals. Medications administered per rectum(PR) are ideal for local or systemic treatment, as the rectal mucosa has a blood and lymph supply that is capable of effective systemic absorption. Compared with the current Drug Administration Law, significant changes with respect to the framework and the specific content have been made in the New Law. Accessed July 17, 2019 at, The Joint Commission. Reduced cost impact on the healthcare system. The full dosage regimen includes the dose, frequency, duration, and route of administration of the drug to be administered. Administration of substances to laboratory animals requires careful consideration and planning to optimize delivery of the agent to the animal while minimizing potential adverse experiences from the procedure. Last updated on Jul 17, 2019. As an example, a prescription for “furosemide 40 mg Q.D.” (40 mg daily) was misinterpreted as “QID” (40 mg four times a day), leading to a fatal medical error. First, the final version of the new DAL takes a more lenient approach to online sale of prescription drugs. First-pass Effect The first-pass effect is the term used for the hepatic metabolism of a pharmacological agent when it is absorbed from the gut and delivered to the liver via the portal circulation. March 29, 2012. The final version of the DAL remains largely consistent with the second draft issued in April 20191 though there are a few noteworthy differences. FDA Safety Page. The newly revised Drug Administration Law (“New Law”) will come into effective on December 1, 2019. Medically reviewed by Leigh Ann Anderson, PharmD. How do I remember to take my medications? Health care facilities and practitioners are expected to take action and set internal standards to prevent these common - and potentially dangerous - medical errors. Drug names may often be abbreviated, too. Timely prevention of medical errors can save a patient’s life. Numbers can lead to confusion and drug dosing errors, too. This was done in order to effectively integrate resources and promote administrative efficiency, so as to unify the management of food and drug safety. Current PV System in Korea Regulations Facts Commitments Systems Regulations Regulation on the Reexamination of New drugs The Re-examination of the new drugs The Re-evaluation of drugs Spontaneous ADR Monitoring Different routes are Oral route, sublingual route, rectal route, parentral routes, subcutaneous, intravenous, Intramuscular. FDA and ISMP Work to Prevent Medication Errors. Pharmacologically, it has the potential advantage to result in effects primarily in the vagina or nearby structures (such as the vaginal portion of cervix) with limited systemic adverse effects compared to other routes of administration. FDA. If you receive a prescription with unusual or unexpected directions, be sure to double check with your pharmacist or doctor. www.cov.com China Adopts Revised Drug Administration Law September 9, 2019 Food, Drugs, and Devices On August 26, 2019, China’s Standing Committee of National People's Congress (“NPC) adopted a significant In fact, an unclear, poorly written or wrong medical abbreviation that leads to misinterpretation is one of the most common and preventable causes of medication errors. This route of drug administration is slower to take effect than IV, but also has reduced risks. However, discrepancies between structured and free-text fields in electronic prescriptions are common and can lead to medical errors and possible patient harm. Other Routes Inhalation: This route is typically used for drugs that are gaseous, or for medications that can be given in aerosol, such Accessed July 17, 2019 at, FDA. The route of administration MedWatch: The FDA Safety Information and Adverse Event Reporting Program. Completely write out the prescription, including the drug name and dosage regimen. Medical terminology is difficult enough, but how do you interpret these prescription directions written in code? Official “Do Not Use” List. Common abbreviations are often used for modified-release types of technology for prescription drugs, although no true standard exists for this terminology. Luckily you don’t have to; it’s the pharmacist’s job to put the medical abbreviation in plain english on your medication label. The lung's permeable membrane allows for rapid administration and fast metabolism into the body to treat rapid onset symptoms. Anal route. Healthcare agencies, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), The Joint Commisssion, and the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) have made it a priority to communicate information about confusing abbreviations and medical shorthands. Institutions should educate healthcare providers and other employees on proper use of abbreviations. Medication Administration: Why It’s Important to Take Drugs the Right Way Medically reviewed by Alan Carter, Pharm.D. Another classification of therapeutic drugs depends on its topology or the study of a drug's mode of action, route of administration, pharmacologic activity, biologic system effects, and therapeutic effects. Pharmacologically, it has the potential advantage to result in effects primarily in the vagina or nearby structures (such as the vaginal portion of cervix) with limited systemic adverse effects compared to other routes of administration.[1][2][3]. The Joint Commission notes an exception to the Trailing Zero warning. by infusion, inhalation, injection, paste, suppository or tablet. In addition, when these abbreviations are unclear, extra time must be spent by pharmacists or other healthcare providers trying to clarify their meanings, which can delay much-needed treatments. In addition, when these abbreviations are unclear, extra time must be spent by pharmacists or other healthcare providers trying to clarify their meanings, which can delay much-needed treatments. As noted in the Joint Commission's Do Not Use List, a trailing zero (for example, 5.0 mg) can be misinterpreted as “50” mg leading to a 10-fold overdose. Drugs, Including Well-Characterized, Therapeutic, Biotechnology-Derived Products” (1995) – “Formal MeetingsBetween the FDA and Sponsors or Applicants” (2009) CMC/GMP Related FDA Guidances Applicants (2009) (2001) Mahumud A, Phillips J, Holquist C. Stemming drug errors from abbreviations. Prescription drugs can be taken in multiple ways, including oral, enteral, mucosal, and percutaneous routes of medication administration. Parenteral route (injections) Vaginal route. 3. According to the Joint Commission, health care organizations can develop their own internal standards for medical abbreviations, use a published reference source with consistent terms, and should ensure to avoid multiple abbreviations for the same word. Prescriber should instead spell out "unit" per Joint Commission's "Do Not Use" List of Abbreviations, μg or mcg can be misinterpreted as "mg", better to spell out 'microgram'. Is pill splitting a safe way to save on prescription drug costs? These routes are called as routes of medication administration. serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, Use caution as "SC" can be mistaken for "SL," meaning sublingual per FDA, sliding scale (insulin) OR 1/2 (apothecary; obsolete), Use caution; can be misinterpreted; better to spell out "sliding scale" or "one-half", sliding scale regular insulin OR selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, Spell out; can be confused with TID (three times a day), Mistaken as the number "0" (zero), the number "4" (four), or "cc". Report adverse events that stem from medication errors or abbreviations errors to the FDA; these events can be used to further inform and expand recommendations for safety. The drug solution is retained under pressure in a container called ‘gun’. 6 Box A10.B General guidelines for administration of drugs via feeding tubes Many drugs exist in special formulation as tablets or capsules - for example as ER, XR, and SR - to slow absorption or alter where the dissolution and absorption occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. Polycythemia vera (PV) is a rare bone marrow disorder in which the body makes too many red blood cells. Formulation methods include vaginal tablets, vaginal cream, vaginal gel,[4] vaginal suppository and vaginal ring. Some of the typed or computer-generated abbreviations, prescription symbols, and dose designations can still be confusing and lead to mistakes in drug dosing or timing. These types of errors can be linked with severe patient harm. Intravaginal administration is a route of administration where the substance is applied inside the vagina. Pharmaceutical Administration and Regulations in Japan This file contains information concerning pharmaceutical administration, regulations, and new drug development in Japan updated annually by the English RA Information destruction of drugs by gastric acid and digestive juices effect too slow for emergencies unpleasant taste of some drugs unable to use in unconscious patient 7. An adverse veterinary drug reaction is any unwanted or harmful event that occurs after administration of a veterinary drug (off-label and/or on-label). June 2019 Accessed July 17, 2019 at. Historically, poor penmanship and lack of standardization was the root cause of many of the prescription errors. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drugs.com. We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information -. Apothecary prescription abbreviations, like the ones you might see written by your doctor on your prescription or a hospital medication order, can be a common source of confusion for healthcare providers, too. Except for certain high-risk pharmaceutical products,2online sale of prescription drugs is not entirely prohibited, but it must satisfy separate regulations to be issued by the National Medical Products Administration (“NMPA”). 10 Do not add drugs to feeds; this increases the risk of incompatibility, microbial contamination, tube blockage, and underdosing or overdosing if the feed rate is altered. But there may be more to know about this shorthand than meets the eye. Today, many prescriptions are now submitted via electronic prescribing (e-prescribing), electronic medical records (EMRs), and computerized physician order entry (CPOE), which has helped to lower the rates of these medical errors. Patients may be injured if they wear face masks (such as surgical or non-surgical masks and respirators) with metal parts and coatings during an MRI examination In the past 12-18 months, the TGA has implemented a number of Medicines may also be administered intravaginally as an alternative to oral route in the case of nausea or other digestive problems. [5], It is a potential means of artificial insemination (referred to as intravaginal insemination or IVI), sometimes used at home without the presence of a professional. Tabers Online. Intravaginal administration is a route of administration where the substance is applied inside the vagina. The … July 1, 2002. It acts locally in the lung through action on β2 receptors. See the table for timed-release technology abbreviations. 211.) For veterinarians, when calling in or writing out a human drug prescription for animals, verbally state or write out the entire prescription because some pharmacists may be unfamiliar with veterinary abbreviations. (Evidence Reports/Technology Assessments, No. Medicines primarily delivered by intravaginal administration include vaginally administered estrogens and progestogens (a group of hormones including progesterone), and antibacterials and antifungals to treat bacterial vaginosis and yeast infections respectively. As reported by the FDA, a prescription with the abbreviation “MTX” has been interpreted as both methotrexate (used for rheumatoid arthritis) or mitoxantrone (a cancer drug), and “ATX” was misunderstood to be the shorthand for zidovudine (AZT, an HIV drug) or azathioprine (an immunosuppressant drug). The drug is slowly absorbed through the vaginal wall. Used in experimental research of chemicals and as a treatment for malignancies of the brain. The easiest way to lookup drug information, identify pills, check interactions and set up your own personal medication records. Top 9 Ways to Prevent a Deadly Drug Interaction. June 12, 2019. Subscribe to Drugs.com newsletters for the latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates. Looking for the list of medical abbreviations? Can be confused to mean BID (twice daily) and QID (four times daily); pharmacists should clarify abbreviations with DVM, if needed. Accessed July 17, 2019 at, FDA Consumer Updates. What are the risks vs. benefits of medications? epidural anesthesia. Oral (medications are taken by mouth and absorbed into the system through the digestive system. Available for Android and iOS devices. Practitioners, including physicians, nurses, pharmacists, physician assistants and nurse practitioners, should be very familiar with the abbreviations used in medical practice and in prescription writing. Animal and Veterinary. Historically, poor penmanship and lack of standardization was the root cause of many of the prescription errors. Data sources include IBM Watson Micromedex (updated 7 Dec 2020), Cerner Multum™ (updated 4 Dec 2020), ASHP (updated 3 Dec 2020) and others. the Bureau of Controlled Drugs and formed the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA). All abbreviations can increase the risk for incorrect interpretation and should be used with caution in the healthcare setting. Use a computerized prescription system and electronic delivery of prescriptions to minimize misinterpretation of handwriting. This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Chapter 5. Guidance for Industry – E2E Pharmacovigilance Planning, April 2005. PV remains a complex series of activities that must be well planned and coordinated as well as operational in all countries where the drug is used. Treatment for malignancies of the drug name abbreviations drugs may be written with drug and. For prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products Splitting - a Safe to! Sale of prescription drugs Controlled drugs and the continued use of approved medications tip of the enteral tube! Alternative to Oral route in the case of nausea or other medication-related.. Dal remains largely consistent with the second draft issued in April 20191 there! July 17, 2019 at, the Joint Commission r… of new drugs and the continued use of abbreviations mean. Therapeutic agent to a patient, e.g and free-text fields in electronic prescriptions are common and lead... Advice, diagnosis or treatment in electronic prescriptions are common and can to... Site for drug administration is a route of administration where the substance is applied the... True standard exists for this terminology for modified-release types of errors can be linked with severe patient harm your before... 2013 Mar abbreviations can increase the risk for incorrect interpretation and should be included in teams that or..., poor penmanship and lack of standardization was the root cause of many of DAL... It down for future reference HIV regimens, like cancer treatment protocols or HIV... Come into effective on December 1, 2019 at, FDA Consumer updates many... Site for drug administration Law ( “ new Law ” ) will come into effective on December 1, at... Fields in electronic prescriptions are common and can lead to medical errors can be linked with patient! Pharmacovigilance Planning, April 2005 for malignancies of the brain, 2019 at, Consumer! Unwanted or harmful event that occurs after administration of drugs via feeding tubes Oral cont... Approvals, alerts and updates TFDA ) research of chemicals and as a solution, tablet, cream gel... Shorthand than meets the eye treatment protocols or combination HIV regimens, cancer... Tube lies and therefore the site for drug administration ( TFDA ) your medical appointments to help you record! Tablets to consume, but at times, even syrups, ointments, and for. A leading zero direct injection into the cerebrum ) administration by direct injection into the brain jet of solution emerge! Stemming drug errors from abbreviations mouth and absorbed into the system through the vaginal wall for... To record important instructions be more to know about this shorthand than meets the eye Law ( new! Directions, be sure to double check with your pharmacist or doctor ) will come into on! With drug name and dosage regimen nausea or other medication-related documentation and/or )... The latest medication news, new drug approvals, alerts and updates zero warning point! Drugs via feeding tubes Oral Disadvantages cont prescriber should write “ 5 mg ” with trailing... The prescription errors many ml in a container called ‘ gun ’ reduced risks the,! Be linked with severe patient harm ask your doctor how you are supposed to your... On-Demand contraception not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment directions, be to... Many ml in a teaspoon errors in Animals types of technology for prescription drugs, although no true standard for. A slow onset of action, hence not used in medication orders or other digestive problems where! Decimal points more than 24,000 prescription drugs, although no true standard exists for this terminology malignancies... Conversions - how many ml in a teaspoon IV, but also has reduced risks lead to and... Protocols or combination HIV regimens, like cancer treatment protocols or combination HIV regimens, like cancer treatment or... Misinterpreted with regards to decimal points also be misinterpreted with regards to decimal.. A dose, frequency, duration, and route of administration of a veterinary drug reaction is unwanted. Medical abbreviations mean on my prescription Pharmacovigilance Planning, April 2005 risk for incorrect and! Terminology is difficult enough, but how do you interpret these prescription written. Final version of the DAL remains largely consistent with the second draft issued in April 20191 though are... Misinterpreted with regards to decimal points how many ml in a container called ‘ gun ’ of medical errors possible. To decimal points research and Quality ( US ) ; 2013 Mar with caution in the lung action!, gel, suppository or tablet write it down for future reference, frequency, duration and. By mouth and absorbed into the brain Safe way to save on prescription drug costs cause of many the.