Hydrolytically unstable polymers are materials that have chemical bonds in their backbone that are susceptible to hydrolysis without an external influence. Additionally, PGA is known for its hydrolytic instability. It has a modulus around 12.8 GPa [156]. In the studies conducted thus far, PGA has been shown promising results for producing nerve graft structures (Costa et al., 2013). It is a copolymer macromolecule and a polyester macromolecule. P(CL/LA), 75: 25 and 50: 50)]. PGA is commonly incorporated into scaffolds for various tissue engineering applications such as bone, tendon, cartilage, tooth, and spinal regeneration. In practice, PGA has been used in an effort to enhance facial nerve regeneration. Any absorbed moisture in the spacer exerts a shielding effect against proton beams. Dexon sutures are sterilized by ethylene oxide because of the well-known adverse effect of gamma irradiation, that is, accelerated loss of tensile strength. Even though there are some reports of potential immunogenic responses when utilizing PGA, most applications have not caused any inflammatory reaction. Polyglycolic acid (PGA) was the first synthetic absorbable suture introduced in the early 1970s (Frazza and Schmitt, 1971; Schmitt and Polistina, 1967; Katz and Turner, 1970). A report was published in 2010 to manifest the consequences of composite PGA-α-MSH on pulp fibroblasts. The majority of recent studies utilize PGA as a filler material integrated into other degradable polymers. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. In practice, PGA has been used in an effort to enhance facial nerve regeneration. Dexon ‘S’ is an uncoated PGA suture, while Dexon Plus and Dexon II have coating materials to facilitate handling properties, knot performance and smooth passage through tissue. Polyglycolide or poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), also spelled as polyglycolic acid, is a biodegradable, thermoplastic polymer and the simplest linear, aliphatic polyester. PGA has a high crystallization temperature Tc2 (detected in the course of its cooling from a molten state by means of a differential scanning colorimeter, DSC) and a relatively small temperature difference (Tm − Tc2) between Tm and the crystallization temperature Tc2 thereof. It is a biodegradable polymer whose fibers exhibit high strength and modulus. Polyglycolic acid is absorbed by hydrolysis with less associated tissue inflammation than silk, plain or chromic catgut.35 The median survival time of polyglycolic acid in the oral mucosa is 15 days (16 to 20).30,35 The initial tensile strength of polyglycolic acid exceeds that of silk and gut, but is decreased appreciably when placed in oral tissue.36 The handling characteristics of polyglycolic acid are favorable, similar to silk, but its knot security is poor.37 Polyglycolic acid also has a tendency to cut through friable tissue, which is not a favorable quality for suturing gingival tissues.21 Polyglycolic acid has been shown to inhibit bacterial transmission due to the release of monomers.37, Alexander T. Trott MD, in Wounds and Lacerations (Fourth Edition), 2012. polyglycolic acid Prior art date 1963-10-31 Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Dexon Plus is coated with a copolymer of poly(oxyethylene-oxypropylene), while Dexon II has a polycaprolate coating. In addition to degradation by hydrolysis, PGA also undergoes enzymatic degradation in vivo (Ulery et al., 2011; Clark and Deswarte, 2011). Manoukian, ... S.G. Kumbar, in Wound Healing Biomaterials, 2016. Dexon Plus is coated with a copolymer of poly(oxyethylene-oxypropylene), while Dexon II has a polycaprolate coating. The PGA adheres to the wound successfully and helps prevent postoperative bleeding as well as inspire epithelialization. Dexon ‘S’ is an uncoated PGA suture, while Dexon Plus and Dexon II have coating materials to facilitate handling properties, knot performance and smooth passage through tissue. This outcome revealed that novel PGA-α-MSH may be proved as an antiinflammatory agent for the therapy of endodontic injury and lesions [113]. Till date, market is augmented with a huge number of improved drug delivery systems. PGA is the simplest form of liner aliphatic polyesters, a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer used in many different tissue engineering applications. The PGA adheres to the wound successfully and helps prevent postoperative bleeding as well as inspire epithelialization. It was developed by Davis and Geck (now under Covidien) under the trade name Dexon. The majority of recent studies utilize PGA as a filler material integrated into other degradable polymers. PGA for sutures is polymerized from the cyclic dimer of α-hydroxyacetic acid, more commonly called glycolic acid. North America holds the highest market share in the global dissolvable sutures market owing to the higher adoption of technologically advanced products for surgical procedures […] There are a variety of Dexon sutures. PGA is more hydrophilic than PLA due to its lack of additional asymmetrical methyl groups. PGA and its copolymers, most notably polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), are commonly used synthetic polymers in many biomedical applications, including the synthesis of absorbable sutures for orthopedic use (Mogoşanu and Grumezescu, 2014). Recently, Kureha Corp. announced the development of a new process for obtaining large yields of the intermediate glycolide product with high levels of purity. These sheets were first used only for soft tissues, and have since been used on hard tissues as well. These sheets were first used only for soft tissues, and have since been used on hard tissues as well. Although handling has become easier with this modification, more throws (four to six) are required to prevent knot slippage than for plain PGA (three to four). Dermagraft® (Organogenesis, Canton, MA) is an example of a wound dressing which is composed of bioabsorbable polyglycolide-polylactide acid mesh scaffold. Since PGA tends to be a rigid material, only either multifilament-braided or very fine monofilament are suitable for suture use. The fibers are stretched to several hundred percent of their original length at a temperature above its glass transition temperature (about 36 °C), heat-set to improve dimensional stability and inhibit shrinkage, and subsequently braided into final multifilament braid suture forms of various sizes. Even though there are some reports of potential immunogenic responses when utilizing PGA, most applications have not caused any inflammatory reaction. A polymer small in this temperature difference has the tendency to rapidly crystallize during processing. E.M. Prieto, S.A. Guelcher, in Biomedical Foams for Tissue Engineering Applications, 2014. Please visit https://www.keeboVet.com. Due to the change in crystallinity, copolymers tend to degrade more rapidly compared with either PGA or PLA alone.50, C.C. PGA is suitable for neural regeneration because it is absorbable and has FDA approval for nerve grafting (Anderson et al., 2015). In the studies conducted thus far, PGA has been shown promising results for producing nerve graft structures (Costa et al., 2013). PGA for sutures is polymerized from the cyclic dimer of α-hydroxyacetic acid, more commonly called glycolic acid. From: Principles of Regenerative Medicine (Second Edition), 2011, Anson J. Tsugawa, Frank J.M. The degradation product, glycolic acid, is a natural metabolite but if absorbed at high concentrations, can cause local acid concentration accumulation, which may result in tissue damage. PGA is a biodegradable, thermoplastic polymer which exhibits high strength and modulus with particular stiffness (Chu, 1981). The vessel walls engineered under the dynamic stimulation for 8 weeks showed a dense and well-organized structure similar to that of native vessels. The use of PGA has also been proposed in shale gas and oil exploration, because PGA can supply ultrastrong and biodegradable materials [2,3]. Plastics that are derived from biomass (e.g. Polyglycolic acid is initially stronger than surgical gut but has less tensile strength compared to other synthetic absorbable sutures. The polyesters are the most studied class group due the susceptible ester linkage in their backbone. PGA’s random hydrolysis led to the combination with other polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) to control its degradation rate. The SMCs derived from hASCs were seeded in polyglycolic acid (PGA) unwoven mesh and the cell-scaffold complex were subjected to pulsatile stimulation in a bioreactor for 8 weeks. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. synthetic absorbable suture an absorbable suture produced from strands of polymers; the most commonly used materials are polyglactin 910 (Vicryl) and polyglycolic acid (Dexon); the latter is more rapidly absorbed. The rate of degradation in polyesters is determined by many factors including copolymer ratio, crystallinity, molecular weight, porosity, site of implantation, amount of residual monomer, configurational structure, morphology and stresses.156 PGA has an approximate strength of 7.0 GPa and degradation time of 6 to 12 months.156 PGA can be woven or unwoven; however, woven scaffolds are more robust.157, Several in vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that both PGA and fellow polyester PLA are sufficiently biocompatible, but other studies have shown that PLA–PGA scaffolds may cause systemic or local reactions.156 The main cause of concern for these polyesters is the potential for local reactions to acidic degradation and the release of small wear particles. Some experience is required to pass this material properly through tissues and to “seat” the during... Tailor content and ads © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors ( Sakaguchi et al., 2015.. 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